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Silver, a precious metal possessing significant financial attributes and extensive industrial applications, plays a crucial role in the global economy. Ensuring its sustainable supply necessitates continuous advancements in extraction technologies that prioritize both efficiency and environmental responsibility. This paper examines the evolving landscape of silver resource supply and the corresponding technological imperatives for sustainable extraction. Current global silver supply is structured around three primary channels. Natural mineral resources constitute the dominant source, accounting for approximately 85% of total supply. Within this category, associated silver extracted as a by-product from polymetallic deposits— particularly lead-zinc-copper ores— is paramount, contributing roughly 65% of global silver output. In contrast, primary silver mines, dedicated to silver extraction, provide only about 20% of supply. This sector faces mounting challenges, including a persistent decline in average ore grades globally, escalating extraction costs due to deeper mining operations, and the impending depletion of economically viable reserves in several key regions. Secondary resource recycling represents an increasingly vital and rapidly expanding supply stream, currently constituting approximately 25% of total silver supply and exhibiting a clear upward trajectory. This "urban mining" approach focuses on recovering silver from diverse waste streams, primarily electronic waste(e-waste) such as discarded printed circuit boards(PCBs) and end-of-life smartphones, which collectively generate over 50 million tons annually due to accelerated technological obsolescence. Additional significant sources include spent industrial catalysts and obsolete photosensitive materials like medical X-ray films and photographic films. Critically, these secondary resources often contain silver concentrations substantially higher than those found in average primary ores. Beyond their economic value, efficient recovery from these sources offers substantial environmental benefits by diverting hazardous waste from landfills and reducing the need for virgin resource extraction, thereby positioning urban mining as a cornerstone of the circular economy for silver. A small portion of silver resources comes from government strategic reserves and private collections, primarily used to regulate market supply and demand and address sudden resource crises. Discernible industry trends underscore a pivotal shift. Stringent and expanding global environmental regulations are significantly increasing compliance costs and operational complexities for primary silver mining operations. Concurrently, the economic viability and ecological advantages of recovering silver from secondary resources, particularly the vast and growing stream of e-waste, are becoming increasingly pronounced. Consequently, the development and optimization of tailored extraction technologies suitable for the distinct characteristics of various silver-bearing resources— especially high-yield, low-impact processes for complex secondary materials— have emerged as a critical pathway. This technological focus is essential not only for securing long-term silver supply stability but also for aligning with global sustainability objectives, notably the "Dual Carbon" goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. This review systematically synthesizes the current state of silver extraction methodologies. It analyzes the technological principles, practical applications, and recent innovations across different techniques, categorized according to the specific occurrence forms and matrices of silver in both primary ores(polymetallic and independent deposits) and key secondary resources(e-waste, catalysts, photosensitive materials). By providing a comprehensive assessment of advancements in hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, and emerging bio-hydrometallurgical approaches, this paper aims to serve as a foundational reference for technological upgrades within the industry, fostering more sustainable and efficient practices throughout the silver value chain.
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Basic Information:
DOI：10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2026.02.008
China Classification Code:TF832
Citation Information:
[1]ZUO Xiaofeng,BIAN Zhiwei,XIE Feng ,et al.Research Progress on Wet Extraction Technology of Silver[J].Nonferrous Metals(Extractive Metallurgy),2026(02):343-351.DOI:10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2026.02.008.
Fund Information:
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFE0210800); 内蒙古科学技术研究院产业技术创新项目(2024RCYJ06003)~~
2025-09-13
2025
2025
2025-09-19
2025-09-22
1
2026-02-06
2026-02-06