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Indium is a critical and irreplaceable metal raw material for strategic emerging industries,including advanced displays,semiconductor lighting,photovoltaics,and high-frequency electronics.However,indium is characterized by an extremely low crustal abundance and a complex paragenetic occurrence in polymetallic ores,and low overall recovery due to the highly disseminated and low-grade nature of the resources.Secondary resources,especially waste indium tin oxide(ITO) targets and liquid crystal display(LCD) panels,offer a promising urban mine with low global recycling rate.The supply-demand imbalance poses a significant risk to the indium supply chain,driving urgent demand for advanced recovery technologies.This review systematically covers the entire technological chain from pretreatment to purification.In leaching,oxidative pressure leaching,reductive leaching with PbS or organic acids,and ultrasonic assistance effectively break down refractory zinc ferrite and sulfide matrices,achieving extraction rates above 94%.For separation and enrichment,solvent extraction remains the dominant industrial route.Acidic organophosphorus extractants such as P204 and P507 are widely employed,but they suffer from strong affinity toward Fe3+,leading to co-extraction,and require high acid concentrations for stripping.Amine-based extractants like N503 and ionic liquids offer milder stripping conditions,while macrocyclic crown ethers,exemplified by benzo-18-crown-6,provide exceptional selectivity through size-matching and ionpair recognition,achieving complete extraction within minutes.Solid-phase adsorption has emerged as a greener alternative,with a wide spectrum of materials,including phosphorylated carbons,functionalized polymers,metal and organic frameworks,covalent organic frameworks,biomass derivatives,and ion-imprinted polymers,demonstrating adsorption capacities up to 474 mg/g and high selectivity over competing ions.Electrochemical recovery,including conventional electrowinning from sulfate/chloride baths and molten salt electrolysis,enables direct metal deposition and even one-step production of 5N-grade indium; the use of ionic liquid electrolytes effectively suppresses hydrogen evolution,improving current efficiency.Pyrometallurgical routes such as sulfation roasting,chlorination volatilization,and reductive roasting provide alternative processing options for specific secondary wastes,achieving recovery rates exceeding 98% under optimized conditions.For ultra-high purity indium,vacuum distillation effectively removes volatile impurities like Cd,Zn,Tl,and Pb,while zone refining exploits differences in solid-liquid distribution coefficients to eliminate Fe,Cu,Ni,and other elements; combined vacuum distillation and zone refining have successfully produced 7N5 grade indium,with machine-learning-assisted optimization further accelerating parameter tuning.Future efforts should concentrate on designing greener separation materials,integrating short-process recovery systems,implementing intelligent process control,and scaling up highend indium-based products,yet the overarching goal remains to bridge laboratory innovations to industrial practice for sustainable indium utilization.This comprehensive review aims to provide theoretical guidance and technical references for the sustainable and efficient utilization of strategic indium resources.
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Basic Information:
DOI：10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2026.09.001
China Classification Code:TF843.1
Citation Information:
[1]Liu Hui,Liu Fei,Sun Qing ,et al.Advances in Recovery and Utilization Technologies for Strategic Indium Resources[J].Nonferrous Metals(Extractive Metallurgy),2026(09):1785-1812+1781-1782.DOI:10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2026.09.001.
Fund Information:
国家博士后创新人才支持计划项目（BX20250041）; 中国博士后科学基金资助项目（2025M773594）~~
2026-08-31
2026-08-31