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Groundwater contamination by heavy metals and metalloids in historical legacy non-ferrous metal mining areas is typically governed by the coupled effects of persistent source release, preferential migration through heterogeneous media, and cumulative exposure at receptor zones. It represents a long-term, complex, and operation-and maintenance-constrained challenge at the interface of mine-site ecological restoration and groundwater contamination control. Unlike active mining sites with relatively complete engineering management systems,historical legacy mining areas are often characterized by incomplete historical records, inadequate closure measures, weak long-term stewardship, and substantial uncertainty in source distribution and hydrogeological conditions.Waste-rock piles, tailings impoundments, abandoned adits, mined-out areas, and disturbed aquifers may continue to generate acidic drainage and release associated contaminants after mine closure, thereby sustaining groundwater contamination over extended periods. Based on advances in environmental hydrogeology, acid mine drainage,mine-site ecological restoration, and green and sustainable remediation, and with reference to relevant Chinese standards and policies for groundwater contamination control and ecological restoration of mining areas, this review develops a source–pathway–receptor analytical framework to examine the formation, migration, transformation,risk transfer, and remediation response of groundwater contamination in legacy non-ferrous metal mining areas.The review indicates that long-term groundwater risk in mining areas is not determined solely by contaminant concentrations measured in individual monitoring wells. Rather, it is jointly controlled by sulfide mineral oxidation and acidification, fracture-controlled preferential flow and matrix diffusion, iron-sulfur cycling, dissolution and transformation of secondary minerals and subsequent metal remobilization, and receptor-chain transfer processes linking groundwater, surface water, and farmland systems. These processes enhance the persistence, mobility, and spatial heterogeneity of contamination and may lead to delayed release, plume tailing, concentration rebound, and risk accumulation at downstream receptors. Conventional remediation technologies, including pump-and-treat systems, physical containment, permeable reactive barriers, nanomaterial-based remediation, and passive treatment or nature-based remediation, have distinct technical functions and applicability boundaries. However, when applied as stand-alone measures, they are often insufficient to simultaneously achieve sustained risk reduction, low-carbon operation, and reliable long-term maintenance under conditions of strong source loading, complex hydrogeological structures, non-steady-state hydrogeochemical evolution, and sensitive receptors. Groundwater remediation in historical legacy mining areas should therefore shift from short-term compliance based on concentrations in individual wells toward an integrated strategy oriented to contaminant mass-flux reduction at critical control transects and acceptable receptor risk. Supported by hydrogeological baseline diagnosis and implemented through coordinated source reduction, pathway interception, receptor-zone protection, dynamic monitoring, and value-realization feedback mechanisms, the proposed framework integrates risk control, carbon-emission constraints, and long-term stewardship, providing a low-carbon and collaborative governance pathway for measurable, adjustable,and accountable long-term groundwater risk management in legacy non-ferrous metal mining areas.
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Basic Information:
DOI：10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2026.10.001
China Classification Code:X753;X523
Citation Information:
[1]Fan Shukai,Lin Xingjie,Miao Yu ,et al.Source-Pathway-Receptor Control and Low-Carbon Remediation of Heavy-Metal Groundwater Pollution in Historical Legacy Non-Ferrous Metal Mines: Process Mechanisms, Technical Boundaries and Management Pathways[J].Nonferrous Metals(Extractive Metallurgy),2026(10):2025-2044+2022.DOI:10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2026.10.001.
Fund Information:
国家重点研发计划项目(2025YFC3715203)~~
2026-05-23
2026
2026-06-23
2026-06-24
2026
1
2026-10-08
2026-10-08