Tracking the information about your manuscript
Communicate with the editorial office
Query manuscript payment status Editor LoginCollecting, editing, reviewing and other affairs offices
Managing manuscripts
Managing author information and external review Expert Information Reviewer LoginOnline Review
Online Communication with the Editorial Department
Page Views
Page visits today: 84
Research Status and Progress of High-Purity Manganese Preparation Technology
JIANG Dongsheng;ZHAO Zhuan;TANG Huimin;ZHANG Huan;CHE Yusi;HE Jilin;High-purity manganese(generally defined as metallic manganese with purity ≥ 3N) serves as a critical foundational material in advanced technological fields, including semiconductor manufacturing, magnetic materials, and high-performance alloys. Its purity level plays a decisive role in determining the performance, reliability, and service life of the final products. The production of high-purity manganese involves a complex and multi-stage refining process, the core of which lay in the deep removal of diverse impurity elements— both metallic and nonmetallic. The industrial production of high-purity manganese primarily relies on three key techniques: electrolysis, vacuum distillation, and zone melting. These methods are often employed not in isolation, but in integrated process routes that combined their respective strengths to achieve progressively higher purity levels. Electrolysis remains the most widely adopted and mature technique. In this process, commercial-grade manganese is used as the starting material. It was first dissolved to form an electrolyte, which then underwent deep purification through hydrometallurgical methods such as solvent extraction, precipitation, adsorption, or ion exchange to remove the majority of metallic impurities. During the electrolysis stage, process improvements— including the use of novel selenium-free additives, dimensionally stable anodes(DSA), anion exchange membranes(AEM), pulse electrolysis, and chromium-free passivation agents— were implemented. By precisely controlling key parameters such as current density, temperature, and pH value, high-purity manganese( ≥ 3N) was preferentially deposited at the cathode. While this method is well-suited for large-scale production due to its maturity, it struggles to consistently achieve purity levels above 4N and imposes extremely stringent requirements on electrolyte purity. For impurities with vapor pressures significantly different from that of manganese, vacuum distillation offers distinct advantages. This method effectively removes both low-boiling-point and high-boiling-point impurities, enabling the refinement of manganese to purity levels between 4N and 5N. A major benefit of this approach is the absence of chemical additives, making it an environmentally friendly option. However, its efficiency drops considerably for impurities with boiling points close to that of manganese. To attain ultra-high-purity manganese exceeding 5N, zone melting becomes an indispensable final refining step. This technique leverages the segregation effect— the differential solubility of impurities in the solid and liquid phases of manganese. By repeatedly passing a molten zone along the solid ingot, difficult-to-remove impurities such as phosphorus, sulfur, and various interstitial elements are effectively swept toward the end of the bar. Despite its effectiveness in achieving the highest purity grades, this process proves energy-intensive and timeconsuming, leading to lower production efficiency. In modern practice, a sequential purification chain— "Electrolysis → Vacuum distillation → Zone melting" — was commonly employed. This integrated approach systematically leverages the complementary strengths of each technique, forming a comprehensive purification pathway that progressively elevates product purity.This study provides a detailed analysis of the technical characteristics, operational principles, and research progress in these high-purity manganese production routes. It also highlights the inherent challenges, particularly the steep increases in energy consumption and declines in production efficiency associated with higher purity targets. Future development directions are suggested to focus on emerging technologies such as multi-physical field-coupled purification, intelligent full-process control, and advanced methods like vapor deposition or plasma decomposition. These innovations aim to achieve greater refinement, stability, and sustainability in manganese purification, thereby providing valuable insights for the development of next-generation high-purity manganese production processes.
Current Situation and Prospects of Hydrometallurgical Recovery Technology for Cathode Materials of Spent Lithium-ion Batteries
BAO Shenxu;LI Kehui;DING Wei;WANG Zhanhao;ZHANG Hongwei;ZHAO Zhiwei;With the rapid popularization of new energy vehicles and the increasing deployment of energy storage systems, the demand for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) soars in recent years. This surge leads to a dramatic rise in the number of spent LIBs, presenting significant environmental challenges and resource sustainability concerns. Spent LIBs, particularly their cathode materials, are rich in substantial amounts of valuable metals such as lithium(Li), nickel(Ni), cobalt(Co), and manganese(Mn). These metals are not only strategic resources but also essential raw materials for the continued growth of the battery and energy storage industries. Consequently, the efficient recovery and recycling of these valuable metals become critical for addressing resource depletion, mitigating environmental pollution, and promoting a circular economy. Among the various recycling approaches, hydrometallurgical processes emerge as the mainstream technology for recovering valuable metals from spent LIBs cathode materials. Compared to pyrometallurgical and direct regeneration methods, hydrometallurgical techniques offer higher recovery efficiencies, more controllable operational parameters, and lower energy consumption. This review systematically examines recent advances and key trends in hydrometallurgical recovery processes for spent LIBs cathode materials. It focuses on three major stages of the recycling process: pretreatment of spent LIBs, leaching, and purification of the leachate, each of which plays a pivotal role in overall recovery performance and environmental sustainability.Leaching is identified as the core step in hydrometallurgical recovery, where valuable metals are selectively dissolved into solution. Conventional inorganic acid leaching processes, employing sulfuric or hydrochloric acid, demonstrates excellent metal recovery rates. However, these processes often involve harsh reaction conditions and generate large volumes of acidic wastewater, raising environmental concerns. In recent years, organic acid leaching and bioleaching gain significant attention due to their environmentally friendly nature and capacity to selectively leach metals. Organic acids, such as citric and oxalic acid, exhibit effective complexation and chelation with metal ions, provide potential advantages in leaching efficiency and selectivity. Furthermore, bioleaching using microbial consortia offers a promising green alternative for metal recovery, although its industrial application still face challenges related to reaction kinetics and scalability. The purification and separation of metal ions from the leachate are critical for producing high-purity products and ensuring the economic viability of the recycling process. Solvent extraction is widely adopted in industry due to its superior selectivity and scalability. However, challenges such as the high cost of organic extractants and the potential for solvent loss and environmental pollution limit its wide application. Chemical precipitation provides a simple and cost-effective approach but often suffered from coprecipitation of impurities, which compromise product purity. Ion exchange technology shows promise for selective removal of impurities, yet issues such as resin fouling and regeneration require further investigation. Electrochemical methods, particularly electrochemical deposition, recently attract attention for their potential in green and energyefficient metal recovery, though additional research is needed to optimize operational parameters and improve deposition efficiency. This paper also evaluates these hydrometallurgical processes from multiple perspectives, including process energy consumption, metal recovery rates, environmental impacts, and economic feasibility. It highlights the advantages and limitations of different methods, providing a comprehensive understanding of the current state of the field. Furthermore, the critical knowledge gaps and technical challenges that must be addressed to promote the industrial application of hydrometallurgical recycling processes are identified. Finally, considering evolving industrial needs and technological advancements, the research directions and potential applications in the future are discussed. The integration of green chemistry principles, such as the development of low-cost, biodegradable leaching agents and environmentally benign separation techniques, is seen as essential for achieving sustainable recycling practices.
Progress of Highly Efficient and Clean Vanadium Extraction Technology
WANG Jin;YU Wenhao;XIANG Junyi;ZHONG Dapeng;HOU Yong;HE Wenyi;XIN Yuntao;L?? Xuewei;Vanadium, renowned as "modern industry's monosodium glutamate", is a critical strategic metal indispensable in fields such as steel strengthening, aerospace, chemical catalysis, and particularly vanadium flow batteries for large-scale energy storage. Despite China's significant advantages in vanadium resource reserves and industrial scale, its vanadium metallurgy sector faces pressing challenges related to high energy consumption, environmental pollution, and the need for product diversification and valorization. The complex and diverse nature of vanadium-bearing resources necessitates the development of efficient and clean extraction technologies, which has attracted widespread attention from both academia and industry. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the recent advances in vanadium extraction technologies, aiming to outline a path towards sustainable vanadium production. The review begins with an overview of the global vanadium landscape, including resource distribution(highlighting the dominance of vanadium-titanium magnetite and China's unique vanadium-bearing stone coal), market supply and demand trends, and the extensive application sectors of vanadium products. It systematically elaborates on the entire vanadium extraction process, which typically involves pre-treatment, roasting, leaching, purification, and precipitation, focusing on the technological progress for major resources like vanadium slag, vanadium-bearing stone coal, and secondary resources. The core of this technical review lies in a detailed and critical analysis of the key unit operations. For roasting, the workhorse for liberating vanadium from refractory phases, various techniques are compared. While traditional sodium roasting offers high conversion efficiency, it generates harmful gases. Calcium roasting is more environmentally friendly but suffers from lower vanadium recovery and requires subsequent acid leaching. Composite roasting demonstrates synergistic effects for improved efficiency, whereas additive-free roasting avoids pollution but demands extreme conditions. Emerging technologies like sub-molten salt roasting are highlighted for their high extraction rates at lower temperatures and potential for synchronous extraction of valuable elements like chromium, though challenges related to severe equipment corrosion and high reagent consumption remain. In the leaching stage, beyond conventional water, acid, and alkali leaching, the potential of environmentally benign organic acids is discussed. Process intensification methods such as pressure leaching(which omits the roasting step), electric field enhancement, and multi-stage leaching schemes are analyzed for their benefits in improving kinetics and reducing consumption, albeit often at the cost of higher operational complexity or capital investment. Bioleaching, though green, is hampered by extremely slow kinetics. The purification of pregnant leach solutions is critical for obtaining high-purity products. Established methods like chemical precipitation(simple but less selective), solvent extraction(high selectivity but costly organic phases), and ion exchange(suited for dilute solutions) are reviewed. Emerging techniques such as solvent-impregnated resins and selective capacitive adsorption are introduced as promising avenues for high-precision separation. For the final precipitation step, the review contrasts the industrially dominant ammonium salt precipitation(which produces high-purity products but causes ammonia-nitrogen pollution) with emerging ammonia-free methods using reagents like alcohols or organic acids, noting the need for cost reduction. The direct precipitation of high-value lowervalent vanadium oxides is also highlighted as a valuable strategy. Finally, the paper concludes with perspectives on future directions, emphasizing the need for integrated innovation. This includes the development of novel roasting systems and additive formulations, the creation of organic acid compound leaching systems coupled with reagent regeneration technologies, and the optimization of purification sequences. Furthermore, the review stresses the importance of establishing resource circulation models for by-products and waste streams, mitigating the carbon footprint through low-carbon processes and green energy integration, and diversifying vanadium products to meet the demands of high-end applications. It is envisioned that through interdisciplinary collaboration and a focus on fundamental research addressing engineering challenges, efficient and clean vanadium extraction technologies will advance significantly, fostering the green and sustainable development of the global vanadium industry.
Research Status and Development Trend of Electrolyte Technology for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
WEN Hanwei;YE Guohua;WANG Junshu;HONG Jiaxing;YANG Xirui;AO Hongpeng;As a key technology to meet the needs of large-scale energy storage, all-vanadium redox flow battery(VRFB) has the core advantages of high safety, excellent stability, long service life, flexible design and environmental friendliness. It has broad application prospects in the fields of power grid peak shaving, new energy grid connection and emergency power supply. As the core energy storage medium of VRFB, the cost of electrolyte accounts for about 52% of the total cost of the battery. Its performance directly determines the energy density, cycle stability, temperature adaptability and overall economy of the battery. Therefore, it is of great significance to carry out systematic research on the preparation, performance optimization, impurity control and recycling of vanadium electrolyte, which is of great significance to promote the large-scale application of VRFB technology. Focusing on the vanadium electrolyte technology system, this paper reviews the research progress of its preparation process, performance optimization, impurity effect and recycling. In terms of preparation methods, the technical characteristics of three mainstream processes of chemical reduction, electrolysis and solvent extraction are compared and analyzed. The chemical reduction process is simple and suitable for large-scale production, but there are problems such as low reduction rate and easy introduction of impurities. The electrolysis process is short and the product purity is high, but it faces challenges such as high energy consumption and complex equipment. Solvent extraction method shows good development potential due to its wide adaptability of raw materials, high purity of products and low energy consumption. It is especially suitable for the preparation of high purity electrolyte from complex vanadiumcontaining feed solution by short process. In terms of electrolyte performance optimization, the mechanism of supporting electrolyte systems(such as sulfur-phosphorus mixed acid, HCl solution, proton ionic liquid, etc.) to improve the solubility of vanadium ions, inhibit the formation of precipitates, and broaden the working temperature range was systematically summarized. The effects of additives such as NaCl, Zn2+, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate on enhancing the electrochemical activity, ion conductivity, and thermal stability of the electrolyte were discussed. In terms of impurity influence and control, the effects of typical impurities such as Al and K+ on electrolyte viscosity, conductivity, electrode reaction reversibility and battery efficiency were reviewed. The applicability and limitations of impurity removal technologies such as chemical precipitation, solvent extraction, ion exchange and capacitive deionization were introduced. In addition, this paper also summarizes the methods of resource recovery and regeneration of spent electrolyte, including two technical routes of vanadium resource extraction and valence state rebalancing, which provides a reference for the whole life cycle management of electrolyte. Finally, combined with the current technical bottlenecks, the future development trend is prospected from the aspects of low-cost green preparation process development, wide temperature range high concentration electrolyte system construction, impurity synergy mechanism research and multi-process joint innovation, which provides a certain reference for the performance breakthrough and industrial application of vanadium electrolyte technology.
Aluminum Thermal Reduction Technology and Its Application in Tantalum and Niobium Metallurgy
QI Qi;LI Xianfeng;YANG Bin;CHEN Hubing;WAN Jun;LAN Weifeng;Aluminum thermal reduction technology, an efficient metallurgical method based on high-temperature redox reactions between aluminum and metal oxides, holds a crucial role in modern industry due to its advantages of self-heating, fast reaction rate, high product purity, and flexible processes. Its core principle relies on aluminum's strong reducibility to reduce metal oxides via spontaneously generated high temperatures; the heat released sustains the reaction without external heat sources, combining environmental friendliness and efficiency. The general chemical reaction is 3M_xO_y+2y Al=y Al_2O_3+3x M(M=target metal)+ΔH(reaction enthalpy). This reaction produces stable Al_2O3 and substantial heat, keeping the resulting metal molten to facilitate slag-metal separation. Precise control of the process requires regulating key factors: reaction heat effect, smelting slag properties, reactor performance, and reaction rate. For heat effect control, strategies include adjusting reactant ratios(e.g., increasing metal oxide proportion), adding diluents(inert Al_2O3 powder) to absorb excess heat, or using exothermic agents(NaClO3, KClO3) to supplement heat for insufficient reactions. Slag regulation uses formers like CaO, MgO, and CaF2 to modify slag acidity-alkalinity and melting point, improving fluidity and impurity adsorption— vital for efficient separation. Reactors, as core equipment, use refractory materials(high-magnesium bricks, corundum bricks) or water-cooled metal crucibles to withstand temperatures over 2 500 ℃ and resist slag erosion. Reaction rate is controlled by adjusting reactant particle size(ultrafine Al powder accelerates reactions without excess violence), staged feeding, or catalysts(CaF2, chlorides) to lower activation energy. Additionally, vacuum aluminum thermal technology expands applications: vacuum reduces gas partial pressure, promoting reduction, reducing metal oxidation and impurities, and enhancing purity. Industrially, the technology is widely used in metal smelting, special alloy preparation, welding, and weapon manufacturing. In smelting, it produces ferroalloys, master alloys, and refractory metals(chromium, manganese). For example, Dalian Rongde Special Materials makes 1.5-ton master alloys for titanium; Chengde Tianda Vanadium Industry produces high-purity V-Al-Fe alloys via vacuum methods for aerospace. Germany's GfE uses ceramic crucibles to make high-purity alloys like VAl and NiNb. Beyond mainstream uses, it manufactures corrosive ammunition(high-temperature reactions), aluminum thermal welding(rails, oil pipelines), and special materials(ceramic-lined steel pipes). Its application in tantalum-niobium(Ta-Nb) metallurgy is prominent, covering direct reduction of low-grade ores, high-purity oxide reduction, and alloy preparation. For ore reduction, it outperforms traditional carbothermal/sodium thermal methods with lower energy, shorter processes, and less equipment investment. Pyrochlore(major niobium ore) undergoes aluminum thermal reduction plus arc furnace smelting to get niobium oxides/metal; tantalite and manganese tantalate need pretreatment, acid leaching for Ta_2O5, then reduction. Scholars have conducted in-depth studies: R.I. Gulyaev explored natural manganese tantalate's lowtemperature interaction with Al powder and Ca-Al alloys, revealing Ta-Nb intermetallic phases; Wang Xiaorong separated Ta-Nb from U-Th in pyrochlore(over 90% U-Th in slag). Global Ta-Nb resources are concentrated—Brazil dominates niobium, the DRC and Rwanda major dominates tantalum sources. Key enterprises include Brazil's CBMM(FeNb with 65%–67% Nb, low impurities), UK/Australia's Materion(high-purity FeNb with Nb>70%), and China's CNMC Eastern, CITIC Metal, Ximei Resources(FeNb with 60%–70% Nb, FeTa with 30%–70% Ta). For oxide reduction, the process includes raw material preparation(crushing Ta_2O5/Nb_2O5 to pass 40–100 mesh, high-purity Al powder>99.5%), batching(1.1–1.3 times of theoretical Al), ignition, separation, and refining. Ta_2O5 reduction(ΔH=–1398.12 kJ/kg charge) and Nb_2O5 reduction(ΔH=–2503.23 kJ/kg charge) release massive heat, requiring precise particle size and ratio control. In production, Ta-Nb recovery exceeds 95% and purity over 99.5%. The US's Materion makes industrial-grade(99.5%–99.9%) and ultra-high-purity( ≥ 99.995%) Ta-Nb; China's Ximei Resources stably produces 3N5-grade niobium(over 1 000 t/a), and CNMC Eastern makes 5N9-grade tantalum target blanks. For Ta-Nb alloy preparation, the technology produces FeTa, Nb-Al, FeNb, and Nb-Ni alloys. FeTa(used in electronics/superalloys) needs process optimization to avoid brittleness; Wang Xiaorong makes low-impurity Ta-Al-Fe alloys under inert gas. Nb-Al alloys(aerospace-critical) show phase changes with Al excess(e.g., Nbss+Nb3 Al at 10% excess, Nb3 Al+Nb2 Al+NbAl3 at 30% excess). FeNb(FeNb20-70, key steel additive) achieves over 97% Nb recovery via one-step reduction, costing 30% less than traditional methods. Nb-Ni alloys(high-temperature components) are made by China's Chengde Tianda Vanadium and Jiangsu Metlink, meeting standards like Brazil's VG221 with low O-N(O<0.05%, N<0.01%). Additionally, the technology prepares Nb-Cr, Ta-Cr, and Nb-Si alloys, expanding applications. Currently, aluminum thermal reduction in Ta-Nb metallurgy evolves toward ultra-high purity, customization, green low-carbon processes, and intelligent manufacturing. This will enhance its strategic value in rare metal metallurgy and new material preparation, supporting high-end equipment manufacturing upgrades and capacity expansion.
Progress in Lithium Extraction Technologies from Salt Lake Brines
QI Tao;SU Hui;ZHOU Binbin;HU Yaoxian;XIAO Xinyu;LIU Wensen;MA Tianfang;ZHU Zhaowu;WANG Lina;Lithium is a critical strategic metal underpinning the development of new energy and strategic emerging industries, and its global demand has surged dramatically with the advancement of the "dual-carbon" strategy. China accounts for 80% of the world's total lithium consumption, yet its dependence on imported lithium resources exceeds 60%, resulting in a prominent supply-demand imbalance. Notably, 80% of China's lithium reserves are distributed in the brines of salt lakes in Qinghai and Xizang, characterized by high Mg/Li ratio and alkaline carbonate-type properties. Efficient Li/Mg separation and low-energy-consumption clean production have become core priorities for new technology development, as traditional technologies face limitations including long salt lake evaporation cycles, high lithium loss rates, and difficulties in achieving efficient ion separation. To address these challenges and promote the sustainable development of the lithium industry chain, this study comprehensively reviews the latest advancements, research status, and application progress of mainstream lithium extraction technologies worldwide by integrating research achievements and industrial practices in the field. The reviewed technologies include precipitation, adsorption, solvent extraction, membrane separation, and electrochemical methods. For precipitation—the most mature industrialized approach— progress in subtypes such as carbonate precipitation and aluminate precipitation was analyzed. Regarding adsorption technology, the current status of lithium extraction using inorganic adsorbents(aluminum-based, manganese-based, titanium-based) and organic adsorbents was summarized. For solvent extraction systems, both neutral(phosphate esters, amides) and alkaline(β-diketone) systems were discussed,verifying their feasibility in industrialization. Membrane separation technologies, such as nanofiltration and electrodialysis, exhibit advantages in efficient separation but are confronted with challenges like membrane fouling.Electrochemical methods have evolved from ion-capture and "rocking-chair" systems to innovative Decoupled Membrane-Free(DCMF) systems, demonstrating broad adaptability to brines while facing bottlenecks such as high electrode costs. Systematic analysis of key performance indicators reveals the differentiated characteristics of each technology: precipitation is mature and efficient for low Mg/Li ratio brines, yet inefficient for high Mg/Li ratio brines; adsorption offers high selectivity but is hindered by adsorbent dissolution; solvent extraction enables largescale production but carries risks of organic loss; membrane separation achieves excellent selectivity but is limited by membrane fouling; electrochemical methods are adaptable but require electrode optimization. By addressing inherent limitations and application bottlenecks, this study further outlines targeted future development directions,including the development of low-dissolution adsorbents, anti-fouling composite membranes, and low-cost electrode materials; the design of coupled processes(e.g., precipitation-adsorption, nanofiltration-electrodialysis) tailored to brine characteristics; and the acceleration of engineering transformation from pilot-scale to large-scale production.This review provides comprehensive theoretical references and technical support for the efficient development of lithium resources in China's high Mg/Li ratio salt lakes, contributing to safeguarding the security of the global lithium supply chain and advancing the sustainable development of the "dual-carbon" goal.
[Downloads: 966 ] [Citations: 0 ] [Reads: 0 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
Research on the Construction of Carbon Management System and Technological and Economic Optimization Path for Electrolytic Aluminum Enterprises Based on Carbon Emission Dual Control Background
WEI Yuwei;ZHU Xishan;CUI Yufeng;HUANG Fengxiao;WEI Dezhi;YANG Yong;TANG Jianghua;ZHOU Ming;YANG Tongyuan;QIN Feng;In the context of the dual control policy on carbon emissions, the electrolytic aluminum industry, as a key industry with high energy consumption and high emissions, building a systematic and standardized carbon management system is of great significance for achieving the "dual carbon" goal. This article systematically reviews the current status of carbon management systems and standards at home and abroad, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of existing carbon management system rules, and focuses on proposing a carbon management system construction path and implementation steps applicable to electrolytic aluminum enterprises. Innovatively incorporating product carbon footprint management into the carbon management system, and conducting a preliminary accounting of the carbon footprint of electrolytic aluminum based on the full life cycle assessment(LCA)method, and an aluminum electrolysis LCA model for carbon footprint sensitivity analysis was established. It is clarified that electricity consumption is the main source of the carbon footprint of electrolytic aluminum, accounting for 65% to 85%. The study also proposes a marginal emission reduction cost curve and technology economic optimization model, explores the potential and cost of different emission reduction technologies. According to the marginal cost emission reduction curve, the emission reduction cost is lower when the CO2 initial emission reduction is between 0–0.5 t, sharply increases when the emission reduction is between 0.5–4.5 t, and shows a lower trend when the emission reduction exceeds 4.5 t. Based on the study of marginal emission reduction costs, a multi-objective optimization model for technical and economic efficiency was established, seeking a systematic and adaptable optimal equilibrium solution set(Pareto optimal frontier) between multiple interrelated or even conflicting goals such as economic costs, emission reduction benefits, technological feasibility, and operational stability, to adapt to future changes. According to the model, the specific optimization path for carbon management in the electrolytic aluminum industry from 2024 to 2035 is as follows: Before 2026, the focus will be on optimizing operational processes and waste heat recovery; From 2025 to 2028, the main focus will be on the renovation of high-efficiency electrolytic cells; From 2026 to 2030, the focus will be on replacing green electricity; From 2028 to 2033, focus on self built new energy; From 2030 to 2033, demonstrate the application of inert anodes; From 2032 to 2035, we will focus on integrating CCUS technology. Based on the above marginal emission reduction curve and multi-objective optimization research results, on the basis of establishing a corporate carbon management system, standardizing carbon footprint management and emission data management, from a technical and economic analysis, the current optimal way to reduce carbon emissions is to adopt process improvement and green energy substitution models.Considering the high proportion of hydropower in Guangxi, green power can be achieved through hydropower. In terms of technology, large-scale electrolytic cells can be used, stable current insulation technology can be promoted,and inert anode application process control such as real-time monitoring of PFC(perfluorocarbon) emissions can be applied. After implementing the above technical measures, a certain enterprise reduces its carbon intensity by 8.9 t CO2e/t-Al and saves more than 200 million yuan in annual carbon quota expenditure by implementing the combination plan of "green electricity+process upgrading". An AI driven digital carbon management platform to achieve digital empowerment of carbon management is introduced. The platform collects key operational data of electrolytic cells in real time through the Internet of Things, such as power consumption, current efficiency, material dosage, and process parameter fluctuations, and integrates data from bauxite mining to aluminum liquid ingots throughout the entire industry chain. Combined with blockchain technology, the data is tamper proof and traceable throughout the entire process. On this basis, an AI algorithm engine is introduced to establish a large-scale model for optimizing electrolytic cell parameters. By aligning with national and international accounting standards, dynamic accounting of carbon footprint, intelligent warning of anomalies, and process optimization decision-making are achieved, supporting the full process of carbon quantification and precise management from cradle to gate. The research results can provide theoretical support and practical reference for the construction of carbon management system in electrolytic aluminum enterprises, seeking the optimal technological and economic carbon reduction path,empowering digital carbon management, standardizing carbon management, and future certification.
[Downloads: 218 ] [Citations: 0 ] [Reads: 0 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
Recent Development in Nickel and Cobalt Recovery Technologies from Laterite
LIU Da-xing (Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy , Beijing 100044, China)Laterite deposits and relevant metallurgical processes were introduced in this paper The recent deve lopment of hydrometallurgy processes for laterite and its impact on nickel and cobalt industry were reviewed
Principles and Technologies for Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil
ZHANG Yi-shuo;ZHOU Zhong-kui;YANG Shun-jing;LI Rui;LI Long-xiang;LI Jing-yu;FAN Xiao-lei;Heavy metal pollution can lead to changes in ecological structure, function, and physicochemical properties of soil, greatly reduce crop yields, harm ecological environment and human health, and has become one of the major global environmental pollutants in the world.In order to repair soil heavy metal pollution, several soil remediation technologies have been developed.The principles, advantages and disadvantages, applicability and technical feasibility of various remediation technologies were discussed.The combined remediation technologies should be the key research direction of concern for solving soil heavy metal pollution problem in the future.
Status and Development of Gold Extraction from Refractory Gold Ore
SUN Liu-gen;YUAN Chao-xin;WANG Yun;SUN Yan-wen;CHANG Yao-chao;XU Xiao-hui;DU Qi-ping;LIU Yong-tao;Beijing General Research Institute of Mining & Metallurgy;Processing mechanism,latest research and application status of refractory gold concentrate by cyanidation and non-cyanidation were briefly introduced.Advantages and disadvantages of each method were analyzed.The development direction of processing refractory gold ore was proposed.
Research Status and Prospect of Vanadium Extraction from Stone Coal in China
ZHANG Yi-min;BAO Shen-xu;LIU Tao;HUANG Jing;CHEN Tie-jun;The research on and latest development of vanadium beneficiation from stone coal,vanadium extraction techniques(including roasting,leaching,treatment of leaching solution)and synthesis utilization of vanadium extraction tailings and wastewater were reviewed.The development of vanadium extraction from stone coal was prospected.
Study on De-Arsenic from Dust of Flash Smelting Furnace
LIANG Yong1,LI Liang-xing1,LIAO Chun-fa1,SHI Yu-chen2(1.School of Material and Chemical Engineering,Jiangxi University of Science & Technology,Ganzhou,Jiangxi 341000,China;2.China Railway Resources Group Co.,Ltd,Beijing 100039,China)The de-arsenic from the dust of copper flash smelting furnace applying the pyrometallurgical method is studied.The effect of temperature,roasting time and coke additive on de-arsenic is investigated using the orthogonal experiment.The results indicate that de-arsenic rate is above 80% and the recovery of copper is above 95% under the conditions of 1 100 ℃ roasting temperature,1 h roasting time and 12% coke additive.
Principles and Technologies for Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil
ZHANG Yi-shuo;ZHOU Zhong-kui;YANG Shun-jing;LI Rui;LI Long-xiang;LI Jing-yu;FAN Xiao-lei;Heavy metal pollution can lead to changes in ecological structure, function, and physicochemical properties of soil, greatly reduce crop yields, harm ecological environment and human health, and has become one of the major global environmental pollutants in the world.In order to repair soil heavy metal pollution, several soil remediation technologies have been developed.The principles, advantages and disadvantages, applicability and technical feasibility of various remediation technologies were discussed.The combined remediation technologies should be the key research direction of concern for solving soil heavy metal pollution problem in the future.
Review on Recycling Technology of Retired LiFePO4 Batteries
WANG Meng;ZHANG Jia-liang;CHEN Yong-qiang;WANG Cheng-yan;In recent years, the new energy vehicles and energy storage fields develop rapidly in China.The usage of lithium iron phosphate battery rises sharply.In the future, a large number of retired lithium iron phosphate batteries will be generated, the recycling of which will not only alleviate the problem of lithium resource shortage in China but also reduce the environmental pollution caused by fluorinated electrolyte.The research on recycling of retired lithium iron phosphate batteries in recent years was reviewed, including lithium battery pretreatment, repair technologies for spent lithium iron phosphate cathode material, hydrometallurgical recovery, selective lithium extraction method, and recovery of lithium extraction tailing, etc.The latest research results of each technology were summarized.The advantages and disadvantages of each process were analyzed from the aspects of economics of the process, recovery rate and environmental impact and other aspects.The future development direction of recycling technology of retired lithium iron phosphate batteries was prospected.
Research Progress in Recycling Technology of Cathode Materials for Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries
WU De-you;LIU Zhi-qiang;RAO Shuai;ZHANG Kui-fang;Guangdong Research Institute of Rare Metal;With rapid development of new energy vehicles,a large number of waste batteries will be generated after retirement of LiFePO4 power batteries.It will pollute environment and waste metal resources if they are not disposed of in time.Recycling technology progress of spent LiFePO4 cathode materials in recent years was introduced,including hydrometallurgical recovery of valuable metals,repair and regeneration of spent LiFePO4 and decomposition and resynthesis of LiFePO4,etc.Advantages and disadvantages of different recycling methods were pointed out.Development direction of spent LiFePO4 batteries recycling technology was prospected.
Development Status and Trend of Flue Gas Desulfuration in China
LIANG Dong-dong;LI Da-jiang;GUO Chi-hao;SUN Liu-gen;CHANG Yao-chao;HUANG Hai-hui;Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy;Application,research development,and principle and characteristics of flue gas desulfurization technology were summarized.New desulfurization technologies already put forward were described.The desulphurization technology development in China was prospected.The development of desulfurization technologies feasible for industrial production in China was put forwarded.
Carbon Emission Accounting Method and Strategy Analysis under the Background of Double Carbon: Taking Copper and Aluminum Industry as an Example
WANG Wei;WU Jing-jing;GE Ya-ping;LI Qi-ke;As a major carbon emitter in the non-ferrous metals industry, its task of carbon reduction and emission reduction is of great significance.On the basis of expounding the methods and steps of carbon emission accounting, combined with copper and aluminum industries, taking copper smelting enterprises A and electrolytic aluminum plants B as examples, the carbon emissions of copper and aluminum enterprises were calculated respectively.The results show that annual carbon emission of copper smelting enterprises A is 162 kt, and annual carbon emission of electrolytic aluminum enterprises B is 4 140.7 kt.Under the dual carbon strategic goal(carbon peak and carbon neutralization),carbon reduction and emission reduction strategies such as new energy industry upgrading and capacity structure transfer in the field of copper and aluminum are put forward.
